جامعة الزهرا (س) مطالعات اسلامی زنان و خانواده 29807603 12 22 2025 08 23 An Analysis of Imāmī Jurists’ Views on the Maximum Duration of Pregnancy and Its Jurisprudential Consequences بررسی آرای فقهای امامیه در حداکثر مدت حمل و ثمرات مترتب برآن 149 168 240341 10.22034/iswf.2025.505066.1996 FA فرحناز قاسمی سراب جامعه الزهرا سلام الله علیها سید حسین نخلی جامعه الزهرا مریم رحمتی جامعه الزهرا Journal Article 2025 02 06 One of the significant branches of Islamic jurisprudence addressed by Imāmī jurists is the issue of the maximum duration of pregnancy. Based on some verses of the Qur’an, the narrations, and the scholarly consensus, the minimum duration is unanimously considered to be six months. However, regarding the maximum duration, there are three major views: nine months, ten months, and one year. <strong>Objective</strong>: This study examines the views of Imāmī jurists on the maximum duration of pregnancy and the legal <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">consequences </span>that follow, given that the progression of pregnancy increases the applicability of various religious rulings. <strong>Method:</strong> Using a descriptive-analytical method and library-based sources, the research explores both the jurisprudential views and the consequences of extended gestation. <strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Findings: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The<strong> </strong>study indicates that nine months is regarded as the normative maximum, while the one-year view is applied in exceptional cases. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Determining the precise maximum duration of pregnancy has two categories of jurisprudential consequences. The first pertains to the mother, including rulings on waiting periods (</span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">ʿiddah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">), maintenance (</span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">nafaqah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">), exemption from retributive punishment (</span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">qiṣāṣ</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">), and the application of </span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">ḥudūd</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> and </span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">diyyah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">. The second relates to the child, including lineage establishment (</span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">ithbāt al-nasab</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">), validity of endowments (</span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">waqf</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">), wills (</span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">waṣiyyah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">), and inheritance shares</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Lotus'; mso-ascii-font-family: 13; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: 13; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">از فروع مهم فقهى که فقهای امامیّه در آن به ابراز رأى پرداخته‌اند، مسئله حداکثر مدت حمل است. فقهای امامیّه، با استناد به آیات قرآن، روایات و اجماع، اقل مدت حمل را شش ماه دانسته‌اند، ولی در اکثر، مدت آن، سه نظر مهم نه ماه، ده ماه و یک‌سال وجود دارد. <strong>مسئله اصلی</strong> این پژوهش، بررسی آرای فقهای امامیه در حداکثر حمل و ثمرات مترتب بر آن است؛ زیرا با رشد حمل، برخورداری از آثار شرعی نیز بیشتر می‌شود<strong>. </strong>این مقاله با <strong>روش</strong> توصیفی- تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای، به بررسی نظرات فقها امامیّه و ثمرات اکثر حمل پرداخته است. <strong>یافته‌ها</strong> نشان می‌دهد که حداکثر مدت حمل در حالت متعارف، نه ماه است و نظریه یک‌سال، در حالت غیرمتعارف، مبنا قرار می‌گیرد. <strong>نتیجه</strong> اینکه تعیین دقیق حداکثر مدت حمل، دو دسته ثمرات را در فقه به دنبال دارد. دسته اول ثمرات، از جهت مادر است که عبارت‌اند از: عده و نفقه زن حامله، عدم اجرای قصاص، و حدود و دیات بر زن باردار. و دسته دوم ثمرات، از جهت فرزند است که ازجمله: اثبات نسب، وقف، وصیت و تعیین سهم ارث حمل می‌باشد. </span> https://pubs.jz.ac.ir/article_240341_7cd11fcffa208c6904bc73e08e38b3ee.pdf